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INVESTIGATING THE FACTORS AFFECTING ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION IN EKPOMA, EDO STATE
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INVESTIGATING THE FACTORS AFFECTING ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION IN EKPOMA, EDO STATE

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ABSTRACT

 

Access to clean water and sanitation remains one of the most pressing public health challenges in sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. In Ekpoma, Esan West Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria, large segments of the population continue to struggle with inadequate water supply and poor sanitation facilities, predisposing communities to water-borne and preventable diseases. This study investigated the factors affecting access to clean water and sanitation in Ekpoma, Edo State. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design. A structured questionnaire was administered to 160 respondents selected through a systematic random sampling technique from households and health facility attendees within Ekpoma. Five research objectives guided the study, examining the socio-demographic profile of respondents, the state of water and sanitation access, infrastructure and economic barriers, socio-cultural and behavioural factors, and strategies for improvement. Data collected were analyzed using simple percentages, frequencies, and means, and results were presented in tables and figures. The findings revealed that a significant proportion of respondents lacked access to pipe-borne water (68.8%), relied on open defecation or shared pit latrines (57.5%), and identified high cost of water procurement, poor infrastructure, and limited government intervention as primary barriers. Socio-cultural factors, including gender roles, traditional beliefs about water sources, and low community health literacy, were also identified as significant determinants. The study recommends urgent government investment in water infrastructure, community education programmes, and gender-sensitive water and sanitation policies for Ekpoma. The findings contribute to the evidence base for improving Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) outcomes in semi-urban Nigerian communities.

 

Keywords: Clean Water, Sanitation, WASH, Access, Barriers, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Cover Page…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. i

Title Page………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ii

Certification Page……………………………………………………………………………………………………… iii

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iv

Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. v

Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. vi

Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. vii

List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. viii

List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ix

 

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………… 1

1.1 Background of the Study………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………………………. 5

1.3 Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………………………………………. 7

1.4 Research Questions…………………………………………………………………………………………. 7

1.5 Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………………………………. 8

1.6 Scope of the Study…………………………………………………………………………………………… 9

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………………… 10

 

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………………. 11

2.1 Conceptual Review………………………………………………………………………………………… 11

2.2 Theoretical Review………………………………………………………………………………………… 22

2.3 Empirical Review………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25

2.4 Summary and Research Gap…………………………………………………………………………… 29

 

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………….. 30

3.1 Research Design……………………………………………………………………………………………. 30

3.2 Research Setting……………………………………………………………………………………………. 30

3.3 Target Population………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31

3.4 Sample Size Determination…………………………………………………………………………….. 31

3.5 Sampling Technique………………………………………………………………………………………. 32

3.6 Instruments for Data Collection………………………………………………………………………. 32

3.7 Validity of Instrument……………………………………………………………………………………. 33

3.8 Reliability of Instrument…………………………………………………………………………………. 33

3.9 Method of Data Collection……………………………………………………………………………… 34

3.10 Method of Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………. 34

3.11 Ethical Consideration…………………………………………………………………………………… 35

 

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS…………………………………………………………………………………… 36

4.1 Presentation of Results…………………………………………………………………………………… 36

4.2 Answering Research Questions……………………………………………………………………….. 52

 

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS………… 56

5.1 Discussion of Findings…………………………………………………………………………………… 56

5.2 Implications of the Study………………………………………………………………………………… 62

5.3 Limitation of the Study…………………………………………………………………………………… 64

5.4 Contributions to Knowledge……………………………………………………………………………. 65

5.5 Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 66

5.6 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 67

5.7 Recommendations…………………………………………………………………………………………. 68

5.8 Suggestions for Further Studies……………………………………………………………………….. 70

References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71

Appendices……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 76

 

 

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